Mini Bio:
Peter Attia, a distinguished figure in the field of health and longevity, embarked on his journey with an innate curiosity for human potential. After completing his medical studies at Stanford University School of Medicine, he honed his skills at Johns Hopkins Hospital, specializing in general surgery. At the National Institutes of Health, his research on immune-based therapies for melanoma laid the foundation for his passion for personalized medicine.
As the founder of Early Medical and the host of “The Drive” podcast, Attia is dedicated to advancing Medicine 3.0 principles. Through his practice and platform, he advocates for extending lifespan while enhancing healthspan. Beyond his professional endeavors, Peter Attia treasures moments with his wife and three children in Austin, Texas, embodying the balance between career and family. His ideology revolves around proactive strategies, emphasizing the optimization of exercise, nutrition, and mental well-being to foster a longer and healthier life for individuals worldwide.
Beyond his medical practice and podcast, Peter Attia is an avid advocate for proactive health management. He tirelessly explores the latest research and innovations in exercise physiology, nutritional biochemistry, and sleep science to empower individuals to take control of their well-being. Peter Attia’s commitment to knowledge dissemination extends to his popular articles, speaking engagements, and digital programs, where he shares actionable insights to optimize health and longevity. Embracing a holistic approach to life, he finds solace in pursuits like meditation, reading, and outdoor activities, finding inspiration in nature’s serenity. Peter Attia’s enduring curiosity and unwavering dedication to human flourishing continue to inspire countless individuals worldwide on their journey towards optimal health and vitality.
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Antonio Bianco is a world-renowned physician-scientist and expert in thyroid physiology and metabolism. In this episode, Antonio explores the complex biology of thyroid hormone production, conversion, and regulation—highlighting how deiodinase enzymes modulate hormone activity at the tissue level and why that matters for interpreting lab results. He discusses the shortcomings of relying solely on TSH as a marker of thyroid function, the ongoing debate around combination therapy with T3 and T4 versus standard T4 treatment, and how genetics, tissue sensitivity, and individual variability influence thyroid hormone metabolism. The conversation also examines how hypothyroidism affects energy, mood, cognition, and longevity; why some patients remain symptomatic despite “normal” labs; and how future research could reshape treatment paradigms.
We discuss:
- How the thyroid produces, stores, and activates hormones like T4 and T3 to finely regulate thyroid activity [2:45];
- How fasting alters thyroid hormones to conserve energy [12:45];
- Action of the deiodinases: how D1, D2, and D3 enzymes control the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones [19:15];
- The normal function of thyroid hormone and the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and deiodinases in maintaining hormonal balance [23:30];
- Why understanding thyroid physiology is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism [33:45];
- Testing for thyroid hormones: understanding free vs. total levels, the limitations of current T3 assays, best practices, and more [36:00];
- Genetic and sex-based variability in thyroid hormone regulation and their limited clinical significance [43:45];
- Hyperthyroidism: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options [46:00];
- Hypothyroidism: diagnosis and autoimmune causes of hypothyroidism [56:30];
- More on hypothyroidism: diagnostic biomarkers, antibody patterns, and non-autoimmune presentations [1:05:00];
- Thyroid hormone replacement therapy [1:15:15];
- More on thyroid replacement strategies: exploring the evidence gaps, mortality signals, effects on lipids, and more [1:28:00];
- Hypothyroidism basics: causes, antibody implications (including pregnancy), and how to make the diagnosis before choosing therapy [1:35:15];
- Thyroid medication: compounded controlled-release T3, brand name versus generic, and what Antonio prescribes to newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients [1:42:45];
- Redefining treatment success: why normalizing TSH isn’t always enough for patients with hypothyroidism [1:54:45];
- Case studies: analysis of two unusual cases of thyroid disease [1:57:00];
- Dangers of supplementing with high levels of iodine, and female-specific risk of thyroid disease [2:05:45];
- Case study of a patient who presents with elevated TSH but no symptoms [2:09:30];
- How future research could reshape treatment, and Antonio’s new book called “Rethinking Hypothyroidism” [2:13:15]; and
- More.
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